![]() The term "software engineering", coined first by Anthony Oettinger and then used by Margaret Hamilton, was used in 1968 as a title for the world's first conference on software engineering, sponsored and facilitated by NATO. Dijkstra wrote his seminal paper, "Go To Statement Considered Harmful", in 1968 and David Parnas introduced the key concept of modularity and information hiding in 1972 to help programmers deal with the ever increasing complexity of software systems. Major languages such as Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL were released in the late 1950s to deal with scientific, algorithmic, and business problems respectively. Programming languages started to appear in the 1950s and this was also another major step in abstraction. ![]() Thus the division between "hardware" and "software" began with abstraction being used to deal with the complexity of computing. Practitioners quickly realized that this design was not flexible and came up with the "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. When the first digital computers appeared in the early 1940s, the instructions to make them operate were wired into the machine. Main article: History of software engineering and "the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines."."an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production"."the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software"."the systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software"."research, design, develop, and test operating systems-level software, compilers, and network distribution software for medical, industrial, military, communications, aerospace, business, scientific, and general computing applications.".Typical formal definitions of software engineering are: Software engineering is the study and an application of engineering to the design, development and maintenance of software. ![]() A software engineer programming for the Wikimedia Foundation ![]()
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